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Class2Outline

Rules of Thumb for LED forward voltages (vF) (how much voltage the LED needs to go on):
White and Blue ~3.3V
Green, Yellow 2V-3V
Red 1.8V

You can briefly turn on LEDs that have a 3vF directly from an Arduino's digital pins (5v) without damaging them. Remember, you can always test with a variable power supply. Use your multimeter in parallel with the LED. Start with the voltage turned all the way down and slowly turn the voltage up. When the LED is first on brightly, its close to its Vf. If the LED changes color or gets dimmer as voltage goes up, turn it down quickly! You've given it too much.

Graphical Resistor Calculator
http://www.dannyg.com/examples/res2/resistor.htm

Setting Up a Sketch in Arduino
Arduino Website - Sketch Example

Testing For Continuity
LadyAda Tutorial

Button Lab
Arduino Digital In / Digital Out

Arduino Coding Outline PDF- By Brian Evans
http://playground.arduino.cc/uploads/Main/arduino_notebook_v1-1.pdf

How do I know which resistor to use?
Well, you could use Ohm's Law , or you could use this handy site: http://led.linear1.org/1led.wiz

Code Examples:
https://drive.google.com/?tab=mo&authuser=0#folders/0B1qpUXvovN0EM0l4UXFpZTdwUzg